What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?

What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?

HMPV was first identified in 2001, although evidence suggests it has been causing respiratory illnesses for over 50 years. Although the virus is not new, it has only recently been included in the surveillance and reporting efforts of some jurisdictions. Consequently, increased detection rates have led to public interest and occasional misinterpretations.

HMPV infects nearly all children by the age of 10 and is a frequent cause of respiratory illness. Like other respiratory viruses, it spreads through droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or by contact with contaminated surfaces.

What are the Symptoms and Impact of HMPV?

For most people, HMPV causes mild, cold-like symptoms, including:

• Fever
• Runny nose
• Cough
• Headache
• Muscle aches

In more severe cases, particularly among infants, the elderly, and those with underlying lung conditions, HMPV can lead to complications such as pneumonia or require hospitalization.

Despite media concerns, healthcare systems in affected areas, including China, report that the current respiratory illness levels remain within seasonal norms. On-the-ground assessments confirm that while hospitals are treating an uptick in respiratory cases, there is no evidence of an outbreak beyond typical seasonal patterns.

Why is HMPV Making Headlines?

Several factors contribute to the heightened media attention that HMPV has been gaining:

1. Increased Testing: The pandemic normalised routine viral testing, revealing the presence of pathogens like HMPV that previously went undetected.
2. Language Misinterpretations: Errors in machine translations have sometimes incorrectly linked HMPV discussions to COVID-19, causing unnecessary alarm.
3. Expanded Reporting: Enhanced global surveillance efforts are identifying cases that might have previously gone unnoticed.

Ministries of Health worldwide have reassured citizens that detections of HMPV are routine, and healthcare systems are well-prepared for the seasonal respiratory illness surge.

How to Minimise Respiratory Illness

Both individuals and organizations can take proactive steps to mitigate the spread of respiratory illnesses:

Individual  Precautions:

• Maintain Hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and water.
• Avoid Crowds: Steer clear of crowded spaces, especially during outbreaks.
• Mask Usage: Consider wearing a mask in high-risk environments.
• Stay Home if Sick: Isolate yourself to prevent spreading the illness to others.

Advice for Organizations:

• Monitor Health Trends: Stay informed through following and reviewing trusted sources
• Communicate Regularly: Remind employees to follow hygiene precautions and avoid the workplace when feeling unwell.
• Review Pandemic Plans: Assess and update policies for the management of illness. 
• Enhance Cleaning: Increase the frequency of surface sanitisation in shared spaces.

The Future Impact of HMPV

Travel Restrictions or Screenings

Experts indicate a low likelihood of travel restrictions or border screenings due to HMPV. Although routine health screenings, such as thermal cameras at borders, are often in place as part of surveillance, they are not specific to HMPV. These measures are standard practices for monitoring overall public health.

Pandemic Potential

While the possibility of future pandemics exists, HMPV is unlikely to be the cause. Most of the population has already been exposed to this virus, providing a level of existing immunity. Public health authorities continue to monitor other viruses, such as avian and swine flu strains, which may pose more significant pandemic threats.

Our Advice for Decision-Makers and Travelers

International SOS recommends the following steps for organizations and their  travelers:

• Monitor Updates: Stay informed about respiratory illness trends.
• Follow Hygiene Precautions: On a personal level, practice good hygiene by washing hands frequently, maintaining distance from visibly ill individuals, and avoiding crowded areas during outbreaks. If avoiding crowds is not possible, consider wearing a mask.

By following these measures, individuals and organizations can effectively navigate the seasonal rise in respiratory illnesses and maintain health and safety.

Understanding the context and facts surrounding HMPV can help to prevent misinformation and helps organizations to make informed decisions. While respiratory illnesses remain a challenge during the winter months, adherence to simple preventive protocols can help to reduce risks. HMPV is part of the seasonal respiratory season and with vigilance and proactive measures, its impact can be managed effectively.